Gov. Bill Richardson of New Mexico once suggested that the Great Lakes -- shown here is Lake Michigan -- might be a source of water for the dry Southwest.
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Could water scarcity cause international conflict?
By Moises Velasquez-Manoff | 10.26.09
In reporting a recent story on a fight over water between residents of a small Colorado town and Nestlé Waters North America, a bottled water company, I learned much about water scarcity around the world, and the sense — also growing — that shortages of water could spark much future conflict.
In recent years, there’s been a proliferation of books on the world’s present and future water woes, from Maude Barlow’s Blue Covenant to Robert Glennon’s Unquenchable.
Many, including the authors mentioned above, argue that water must be viewed as a human right, not solely as a market commodity.
That’s been the United Nations’ position for years – not least because a lack of access to clean water constitutes a huge health problem in much of the developing world. About 1 billion people don’t have potable water.
Another reason: water scarcity’s potentially destabilizing effects. Many view the conflict in Darfur, for example, as partly motivated by a growing population and a shrinking supply of water.
It’s not as though conflicts over water are an entirely new phenomenon. The Pacific Institute keeps a running list of water conflicts [PDF] that stretches back 5,000 years. The first human-on-human conflict over water occurred around 2500 BC in Mesopotamia, according to the list.
A Mesopotamian city state, Lagash, diverted water from its neighbor, Umma. The most recent water conflict: In 2008, the Taliban threatened to blow up Pakistan’s Warsak Dam. (The list hasn’t been updated for a year.)
Some see evidence of increased risk of conflict in a warming world where some regions are drying.
A report titled “Rising Temperatures, Rising Tensions: Climate change and the risk of violent conflict in the Middle East,” which was released earlier this year by the International Institute for Sustainable Development, found that after the 2007-’08 drought in Syria, residents abandoned 160 villages.
Rainfall in the area has diminished markedly in the past 50 years, probably due to global warming. In Syria alone, some 300,000 farmers and herders abandoned their homes, families in tow, for urban camps because of the drought. Around 800,000 lost their livelihoods entirely
But really, as others have noted , what’s remarkable about water wars is how many don’t occur. In fact, according to an essay by Michael E. Campana, director of the Institute for Water and Watershed, at Seed Magazine’s site, the only international conflict over water ever was the one referenced above between Lagash and Umma 4,500 years ago.
“Countries do not go to war over water, they solve their water shortages through trade and international agreements,” writes Wendy Barnaby in the journal Nature.
And that raises an oft-overlooked facet of water scarcity. Experts say that while the potential for international conflict over water certainly exists, international water crises are usually resolved peacefully. The real potential for water conflicts is intra-national (within-country.)
In 2000, for example — an extremely dry year in China — Reuters reported that villagers in Shandong rioted when officials cut off the water they used for irrigation. Several people died.
That same year, officials in the province of Guangdong blew up a water conduit, unintentionally killing six people. Their goal: to stop a nearby county from taking water for a power station.
Likewise, some surmise that China’s claim on the Tibetan Plateau may have less to do with its being historically a region of China, the oft-cited justification, than with the China’s desire to secure more water.
After all, one-quarter of China is desert. The plateau, meanwhile, has an abundance of glaciers.
The US has its own version of these in-country conflicts. The Southeastern states of Georgia, Alabama, and Florida have longstanding disagreements over water — they are in federal court over water rights — and Georgia Gov. Sonny Perdue has emphasized the state’s rights to use water that falls within its borders, despite claims by neighboring Florida and Alabama.
Water conflict between states has even made its way into fiction. In Andrew Wice’s novel “To The Last Drop,” Texas and New Mexico duke it out over water.
But with continued population growth in the sunny Southwest, the truth may be slightly different.
In 2007, New Mexico Gov. Bill Richardson caused some to gasp when he suggested that water piped in from the Great Lakes might help solve some of the Southwest’s water shortage problems.
Hugh McDiarmid Jr. of the Michigan Environmental Council responded in a press release: “Mr. Richardson and his constituents in New Mexico are welcome to reasonable use of Great Lakes water. … All they have to do is move to the Great Lakes region.”
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2. Jim Olson | 10.27.09
The relationship between international security, peace, and water will also hinge on whether water is viewed as a common, public resource, or a private claim, commodity or good under various water legal regimes and trade laws or agreements. Natural, running, flowing water has been considered public since the Justinian Codes, and likely for the past 2000 years. In western civil and common law, water has been considered jus publicum and, at least for oceans, lakes, and streams to be held in a public trust. The notion of public trust or its principles means the state where the water falls, flows, and migrates owns and holds the water for the benefit of the least of its citizens (modernly for all species?), for essential drinking, domestic, fishing, boating, swimming, bathing, recreation and other basic or traditional uses and needs. Citizens have a right to protection of these uses inviolate, and the state cannot alienate, divert, transfer, or subordinate the commonly held public trust waters for a private purpose and where it would impair the very essence of the water and related water resources or uses. The public trust principles offer a construct by which we as humans can address these conflicts, and future ones, over water and better secure peace. To paraphrase Pope John II, “Promote the common good, and you promote peace.”
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1. Mike Moxcey | 10.27.09
Eventually, all stable borders will follow drainages. Democracy and the desires of kings have little to do with how we stay alive.
Consider the Tigris and Euphrates rivers which meet in Iraq. Both rivers start in Turkey. When there is a drought, Turkey will not vote to kill its own citizens by sending water to Iraq.
A brutal dictator in Turkey might be able to satisfy current treaty requirements, but it would probably not behoove him politically to do so.